Herpes simplex virus (HSV) belongs to the subfamily A of the herpesviridae family, and can cause various diseases in humans, such as gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, as well as reproductive system infections and neonatal infections. After infecting the host, latent infections are often established in nerve cells, and upon activation, asymptomatic detoxification occurs, maintaining the transmission chain in the population and repeating the cycle. HSV has typical morphological characteristics of herpes virus. According to biochemistry, biology, epidemiology, etc., it is divided into two serotypes, namely HSV-1 and HSV-2. The two genomes are similar, with 50% homology in sequence. There are common antigens and specific antigens between types. Type specific monoclonal antibodies can be used for ELISA, DNA restriction enzyme digestion analysis, and DNA hybridization tests to distinguish types. HSV-1 infection is most common in the oropharynx, with gingival stomatitis being the most common. The clinical manifestations include clusters of herpes, fever, sore throat, and ulceration in the gums and cheeks. In addition, it can also cause encephalitis and skin herpes eczema. Adults can cause pharyngitis and tonsillitis. The primary infection of HSV-2 mainly causes genital herpes, manifested as blister ulcer damage to the penis in males, and blister ulcer damage to the cervix, vulva, and vagina in females. Complications include external genital injury and sterile meningitis. The herpes simplex virus is widely distributed globally, and infection is extremely common among the population, with many latent and recurrent infections. Patients and carriers are the sources of transmission of the disease. Viruses can enter the body through direct contact or sexual contact with the skin and mucous membranes. Therefore, the herpes simplex virus poses great harm to the human body.